Note the context in which the word is used: "the scholar of visual culture seeks to regard images as evidence for explanation, not as epiphenomena". Substituting each of the answer options instead of 'epiphenomena' in this sentence, we see that only option B makes sense. Epiphenomena are phenomena supplemental to the evidence.

The passage does not mention 'institutional structures' or talk about these being essential to the study of visual culture.

From the line, "...task is to understand how artifacts contribute to the construction of a world", we understand A is true. C is true, based on the line "..scholars may learn a great deal when they scrutinize the constituents of vision, that is, the structures of perception as a physiological process as well as the epistemological frameworks informing a system of visual representation". D is also true, based on the first paragraph.

Nowhere in the passage does the author express the fear that computers could replace humans.
The author says that with the use of sophisticated automation, "the people using it become less likely to sharpen their own know-how”, "their thinking can become constricted" and that "in the worst cases, they may miss important diagnostic signals". So, all other options are inferred.

According to the passage, researchers in the Ebola misdiagnosis case believe that the digital templates used by the hospital's clinicians to record patient information “probably helped to induce a kind of tunnel vision". So, the doctors were led by the data processed by digital templates.
Note that option B is incorrect as it says the templates "forced" doctors to acquire tunnel vision. This is too extreme.

In the fourth paragraph, the passage warns that software prompts that guide patient exams can constrict doctors' thinking. Auto-completion of text is also prompt by software. This is the kind of automation the passage speaks out against.
In the last paragraph, the passage explains how human-centered automation works: "It takes over routine functions that a human operator has already mastered, issues alerts when unexpected situations arise, provides fresh information that expands the operator's perspective and counters the biases that often distort human thinking." Options A, C and D relate to such functions.

Easy question. According to the passage, the people using the more advanced software would often aimlessly click around when confronted with a tricky problem as "the supposedly helpful software actually short-circuited their thinking and learning". They were, in effect, hoping that the software would help carry out the tasks.

2 is the best opening sentence. 24 is a link: 2 states that food is framed through the lens of individual choice; 4 begins with 'the individualized framing of choice' and explains what this leads to. Now, 4 talks about the focus on individual choice drawing away from the 'structural obstacles' that stratify food choices.

 3 adds to 4 stating that this is particularly the case in neoliberal societies where the state has transferred responsibility for food to individuals. 3 leads on to 1: the responsibility is shifted away from the system and onto women.

The main idea of the paragraph given is that museum artworks are not timeless but subject to 'inherent vice': they decay, discolour or crack over time. Option B captures this idea and is the best of the given summaries.
All other options are about the role or responsibility of museums. The paragraph does not focus upon this. Option D is incorrect as the paragraph clearly says artworks are not timeless.

It is easy to place this missing sentence in the paragraph, as it is part of a quote. The only place where the given sentence can fit in is option 3. The sentence before blank 3 names the person being quoted (Karmakar).

The paragraph given observes that the concerns about online targeting and polarisation due to the misuse of personal data by machine-learning algorithms today seem to echo Cold War-era anxieties. These concerns have inspired recent polemics about the need to rediscover solitude and disconnect.
Option B touches upon all key ideas and is the best summary among the given options.

The paragraph is about the resurfacing of debates about behaviour manipulation and privacy. Neither option A nor option C touches upon this. Further, both these options use terms that are not used in the given paragraph: option A states that digital data is 'enslaving' us and option C refers to 'artificial intelligence'. So, we rule out options A and C.
Option D implies behaviour was manipulated during the Cold War. The paragraph given does not explicitly say so. Also, this option does not touch upon ideas such as ‘freedom’ and ‘privacy’ mentioned in the paragraph.

21 is a clear link: 2 states that biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse are caused by myriad and diverse reasons; 1 expands on this idea. 21 leads on to the conclusion in 4 that our environmental crisis requires large political solutions, not minor technological ones. 4 leads on to 3, which describes what should be done as the next step. So, 2143 is the correct order.

Note that the missing line is in the past tense. So, we cannot fit it in in options 2 or 3 as the sentences before and after the blank in both these options are in present tense. Between options 1 and 4, placing the missing line in option 4 works better. The subject of the missing line is 'most'. The use of this pronoun makes sense when it is used in blank 4, as 'most' in this case would refer to women from rural areas. If the missing sentence were to be placed in blank 1, there would be a pronoun antecedent error.

Options B and D can be ruled out right away. The paragraph does not talk about how hierarchical civic organizations of today emerged. It only says that several of the world's earliest cities were egalitarian. Option D focuses on one idea of the paragraph and is not a good summary.

Both A and C, however, look compelling. But between the two, A is better. This is because option C overgeneralises, stating that ancient cities were "not organized" on hierarchical political and administrative lines. The paragraph only says several ancient cities were egalitarian and urban life does not necessarily imply a particular form of political organization. Also, 'egalitarian urban life' is a key idea in the paragraph: C does not mention this while A does. So, option A is a better summary.

142 is a link: Sentence 1 talks about the history of the word 'cheer'; 4 follows this up with different interpretations of 'cheer' in the medieval times and finally 2 talks about how the noun 'cheer' expanded into 'cheerfulness'. So, we have two possibilities 3142 and 1423. Between the two, 3142 is better as 3 links with the idea of cheerfulness moving into the self in 1. So, 3142 is the correct order.

According to the passage, the history of music’s emergence was “at once sociocultural and biological” and because musicking arises from innate dispositions, it is a primary, shared trait of modern humans. Option A states that musical capabilities are “primarily” socio-cultural, which is why there are diverse forms of music. If option A were true it would weaken the author's claim about the emergence of music.
The passage does not make any claims that musicking is key to human survival. So, option B, even if true, does not affect the author's claim. Same is the case with option C. The author does not talk about the order in which music, language or symbol-making capabilities emerged. The passage says that "capacities involved in musicking are many and take shape in complicated ways, arising from innate dispositions...". So, option D, if true, supports the author's arguments.

Musicking is the main keyword. This is absent from option C, so we rule out C right away. 'Antique' and 'Cassirer' are not key ideas. So, options A and B are out. Option D is the best choice.

The passage says that "If we look back 20,000 years, a small portion of this long period, we reach the lives of humans whose musical capacities were probably little different from our own". So, 20,000 years ago, human musical capacities were not very different from what they are today. (Note that ‘little’ means ‘not much’ and is a quantifier with a negative connotation whereas ‘a little’ means ‘a small amount’ and is a quantifier with a positive connotation).

Option A is not an argument about the emergence of music/musicking.
According to the passage, "...in fundamental features musicking is neither language-like nor symbol-like, and from these differences come many clues to its ancient emergence." So,option B is not a valid argument about the emergence of music/musicking.
Option D is incorrect. Refer to the line, "Most of these capacities overlap with nonmusical ones, though a few may be distinct and dedicated to musical perception and production."

A bald statement is a simple statement in plain language with no extra information or qualifications. In the given sentence, the author is urging readers to look beyond the extra information, caveats and other considerations that may follow the bald statement to see the overarching truth.

The author calls for moving away from technical-social dualism. Option A states the opposite.
Other options relate to parameters such as environmental sustainability, local community needs and priorities and a responsible approach to technical design, all of which the author believes must be included in engineering pedagogy.

The main idea of the passage is that engineering is taught today ignoring important social and political nontechnical parameters and this, in turn, has adverse consequences for society. Option D is the correct choice.
Option A states the exact opposite of what the passage says. The passage says technical-social dualism separates technical problem solving from social considerations.

According to option B, the objective of best solutions in engineering has shifted the focus of pedagogy from humanism and social obligations to technological perfection. The passage does not talk about any such shift in objective from earlier times to now. It only says that today engineering is taught independent of social dimensions.
Option C is again the opposite of what the passage says. The author's point is that non-subjective reasoning hinders the development of solutions that respond to the complexities of entrenched systemic problems.

All options except A relate to why marginalised people are systematically discriminated against in technology-related interventions: racially-based adjustments are derived from research done by eugenicists, subjective beliefs treated as facts encodes social inequities and the supposed technical 'ideals' are determined by a culture focused on the privileged.
Option A, on the other hand, is about devices not being built sustainably. This is not relevant to discrimination of the marginalised.

The incorrect assignment of people as female at birth, that is, making an error in determining the gender at birth, is a human error and not a negative outcome of focusing on technical ideas in medicine.
All other examples relate to negative outcomes of focusing on technical ideals in the medical sphere.

The given question can be rephrased as, "Which one of the following inferences from the passage is true?"
Consider what the passage says about natural languages:"Natural languages are typical examples of what Ferguson called 'the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design". In other words, there is no conscious human intent in this stage of language development. So, option A can be inferred to be true based on the passage.

All other options given are false.

Based on the lines, "Consider further that there are many features of the work of the stock exchange that rely on informal, noncodifiable agreements, not least the language used for communication. To be precise, mixtures are the norm..", we can infer that option B is false.
From the line, "Culture and tradition are sub-sets of institutions analytically isolated for explanatory or expository purposes”, we know that option C is false.
In the first paragraph, the passage says that universal institutions such as the family, rituals, governance, economy and the military, "in their present incarnations" are "very much the product of conscious attempts to mould and plan them". So, option D is also false.

In the first paragraph, the author presents his view that "institutions are all those social entities that organise action: they link acting individuals into social structures". The author then goes on to explain this idea in detail, touching upon kinds of institutions, culture and tradition as sub-sets of institutions and language as an institution. Option A is hence the correct answer choice.
Options B, C and D touch upon specific aspects of the passage. None of these represents the essence of the passage.

The passage says, "We begin with the emergence of the philosophy of the social sciences as an arena of thought and as a set of social institutions. The two characterisations overlap but are not congruent." The two characterisations seen here as overlapping but not congruent are social sciences as an arena of thought (or academic discipline) and social sciences as a set of social institutions. So, option B is the correct answer.

Consider the line before the given line in the passage:"There are some institutions that come in both informal and formal variants, as well as in mixed ones". The stock market and black market are examples given to substantiate the point in the previous line. The idea is that both the stock exchange and the black market are examples of how, even within the same domain (market institutions), different kinds of institutions can co-exist.

The first paragraph says why octopuses are misfits amongst other molluscs- they are not shelled, are "all arms" and have large brains for an invertebrate. So, option B is the correct choice.

According to the passage, when the cephalopod wants to change colour, the brain carries an electrical impulse through the nerve to the radial muscles on their pigment sacs, thereby pulling open the sacs to display red, yellow and brown colours on their skin. So, if the radial muscle movement is hindered (option A), or if the transmission of neural signals is affected (option B) the camouflaging adeptness of cephalopods will be weakened. So too, if light reflects a different set of colours - red, green, and yellow, instead of red, yellow and brown- at the depths in which cephalopods reside, then they will not be able to camouflage effectively. So, option C also weakens the camouflaging adeptness of cephalopods.

The passage does not talk about the number of chromatophores, iridophores and leucophores cephalopods have. So, it is not possible to say, based on the contents of the passage, whether option D, if true, weakens the camouflaging adeptness of cephalopods. So, this is the answer choice we are looking for.

The passage does not say cephalopods can take on the colour of their predator.
Based on the last paragraph, we know that cephalopods can blend into the colour of their surroundings. The paragraph about chromatophores explains how octopuses can change their skin colour while the paragraph about papillae explains how they can change their skin texture.

The passage does not say cephalopods can take on the colour of their predator.
Based on the last paragraph, we know that cephalopods can blend into the colour of their surroundings. The paragraph about chromatophores explains how octopuses can change their skin colour while the paragraph about papillae explains how they can change their skin texture.

While sentences 1, 3, 4 and 5 relate to the reader of the single panel comic and the importance of the reader's ability to infer what happened before and after, sentence 2 is about the creator of the comics. So, 2 is the odd one out.

Option 1 is about the importance of self-examination and rumination. All other sentences argue against rumination. The sentence order 4325 makes a coherent paragraph about illeism or speaking about oneself in the third person.

Sentences 1, 3, 4 and 5 relate to plastic in oceans affecting marine life, producing pervasive environmental problems. On the other hand, option 2 talks of the 'largest numerical proportion' of ocean plastic ‘falling in small size fractions’ – an unrelated idea.

The key idea of the passage is that language, which is unique to humans, is more than just linguistic features. It is a complex bundle of traits evolved over time that crucially draws on important cognitive aspects such as memory.

Option 3 is the only option that mentions the idea of language drawing upon aspects of cognition, such as memory. This is mentioned as a crucial feature in the paragraph and must hence feature in the summary.

The main idea of the paragraph is that hybrid organizations are more powerful and have higher ability to achieve critical mass as individuals with past involvement in other movements are more likely to join hybrid organizations. Option 4 captures the key ideas of the paragraph best.

Note here that though the paragraph cities the example of studies of the post-9/11 U.S. anti-war movement, this is not the focus of the passage. The example simply illustrates the idea that individuals with different points of view are more likely to join hybrid organisations.

The paragraph given explains that while open-plan offices were created with the idea of liberating workers, things did not work to plan, as companies used these spaces to cram in as many workers as they could, in a soul-less "white-collar assembly line".

Option 3 states that wall-free spaces 'could have worked out' had companies cared for workers' satisfaction. But the paragraph given merely talks of why the idea of wall-free office spaces failed: 3 is hence not a satisfactory summary of the paragraph.

Option 4 is incorrect as it goes too far. The paragraph says companies took up the idea of wall-free spaces less out of a democratic ideology than a desire to pack in workers. This does not imply that companies don't believe in democratic ideology.

Options 1 and 2 are close, but 2 is a better option than 1 as it brings in the points about the ‘utopian’ (idealistic) intentions of the inventors of wall-free offices and the way cramming of workers became a means of invading their privacy and exploiting them.

Tricky question.

Sentence 1 says that conceptualisations of 'women's time' as contrary to clock-time and clock-time as synonymous with economic rationalism are two results of "this representation". The representation referred to here can only be the representation of clock-time in feminist literature as a masculine 'time is money' artefact—mentioned in sentence 4. Feminist literature representing clock-time as masculine implies the conceptualisation of 'women's time' as contrary to clock-time. The idea that time is money relates to economic rationalism. So, sentence 1 follows sentence 4.

Sentence 3 introduces the idea of 'caring time'. Sentence 2 mentions all 4 conceptualisations of time referred to in sentences 4, 1 and 3. It is best placed at the end of the paragraph as it lays down the main premise of 'this article' that everyday caring practices incorporate a multiplicity of times. So, 4132 is the right order.

The sentences given relate to adaptive behaviour, so sentence 2 offers the best start to the paragraph. Sentence 2 states that adaptive behaviour depends on cognitive economy—that is, minimising thinking and information processing effort—by treating objects as equivalent. Sentence 4 elaborates what 'treating objects as equivalent' involves. So, 4 follows 2. Of the remaining sentences, 3 logically follows 2, as it explains that the information we receive from the world has both structure and order. This introduces the idea of ‘structure’ in the living world. Sentence 1 adds to 3. So, 2431 is the correct order.

Sentence 2 introduces the idea of 'atonality' in music. So, it is the best sentence to start the paragraph. Sentence 1 adds to 2, explaining that atonal music may seem like noise to the uninitiated listener. 2 leads to 4, which states that atonality is one of the most important movements in 20th century music. 3 adds to 4, explaining that a lot of knowledge, skill, and technical expertise required to compose or perform atonal music. 2143 is the logical order.

Of the given sentences, sentence 3 is the best opening statement. 3 leads on to 4, which defines teleology and the idea of nature as having a predetermined destiny with component parts. 2, which starts off with "these parts" clearly follows 4. 1 sums up the paragraph. So, 3421 is the correct order.

‘Endogenous change’ means change from within. The first line means that the transformation of the Indian society did not proceed due to changes within the system. ‘Transformation agendas attack as an external force’ means the agenda to transform the society was imposed upon by external forces. Here, the external force is the colonial agenda. Option 4 sums this up best.